[Surgical access routes in enteral nutrition]. / Vías de acceso quirúrgico en nutrición enteral.

There are many known routes of access to the digestive tract for enteral nutrition (EN) and significant advances have been made in recent years. Administration techniques and nutritional products have also improved. Placement of these systems may be temporary or permanent. Indications often overlap. If feasible, the enteral route is preferred over the parenteral route. When enteral nutrition will last < or = 6 weeks, nasoenteral tubes are the best option. In NE > or = 6 weeks, enterostomy tubes are indicated and the procedure of choice is percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Postpyloric access should be considered in patients with a high risk of aspiration. Finally, needle catheter jejunostomy during interventions in the upper gastrointestinal tract is the ideal technique for initiating early EN. All these techniques continue to be valid and the choice of procedure will be determined by the patient's clinical status and the experience of the team. The present article is divided into two parts. In the first part, surgical access techniques for EN, their indications and contraindications and the most frequent complications related to the technique, the care of the stoma and the intubation material are analyzed. In the second part, we report data from our personal experience of the various techniques we have performed and describe the patients, results and complications. A total of 287 procedures were performed: 48 surgical gastrostomies, 40 using the technique of Fontan or Stamm, and 8 Janeway gastrostomies; 27 of these procedures were permanent. There were 169 jejunostomy catheters, with a mean dwelling time of 29.05 +/- 21.9 days, and 72 double lumen nasojejunal tubes.

Vías de acceso quirúrgico en nutrición enteral / Surgical access routes in enteral nutrition

Son múltiples las vías de acceso al tubo digestivo para la nutrición enteral (NE) que conocemos y que en los últimos años ha experimentado importantes avances. Igualmente han avanzado considerablemente tanto las técnicas de administración como los productos nutricionales. La colocación de estos sistemas puede ser temporal o permanente. Sus indicaciones a menudo se superponen. Si es factible, siempre la vía enteral es la preferida respecto de la parenteral. Si ésta es necesaria durante 6 semanas o menos, las sondas nasoenterales son la mejor opción, por el contrario, las sondas de enterostomía serían las indicadas en la NE que supere las 6 semanas y la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG) es el procedimiento de elección. El acceso pospilórico debe considerarse en pacientes con alto riesgo de aspiración. Finalmente, la yeyunostomía con catéter fino en el curso de una intervención quirúrgica del tracto gastrointestinal superior es la técnica ideal para iniciar la NE precoz. Todas las técnicas continúan teniendo alguna vigencia y sólo la situación clínica del enfermo y la experiencia del equipo que los atiende determinarán su uso. Este trabajo consta de dos partes. En la primera se analizan las técnicas de acceso quirúrgico en NE, sus indicaciones, contraindicaciones y las complicaciones más frecuentes relacionadas con la técnica, con el cuidado del estoma y con el material de intubación. En la segunda se aportan datos de nuestra experiencia en el tema, con las diversas técnicas que hemos realizado, en qué pacientes y con qué resultados y complicaciones. En total, 287 procedimientos: 48 gastrostomías quirúrgicas, 40 según la técnica de Fontan o Stamm y 8 gastrostomías de Janeway, 27 de ellas permanentes; 169 catéteres de yeyunostomía con una permanencia media de 29,05 ± 21,9 días y 72 sondas nasoyeyunales de doble luz (AU)

There are many known routes of access to the digestive tract for enteral nutrition (EN) and significant advances have been made in recent years. Administration techniques and nutritional products have also improved. Placement of these systems may be temporary or permanent. Indications often overlap. If feasible, the enteral route is preferred over the parenteral route. When enteral nutrition will last = 6 weeks, enterostomy tubes are indicated and the procedure of choice is percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Postpyloric access should be considered in patients with a high risk of aspiration. Finally, needle catheter jejunostomy during interventions in the upper gastrointestinal tract is the ideal technique for initiating early EN. All these techniques continue to be valid and the choice of procedure will be determined by the patient's clinical status and the experience of the team. The present article is divided into two parts. In the first part, surgical access techniques for EN, their indications and contraindications and the most frequent complications related to the technique, the care of the stoma and the intubation material are analyzed. In the second part, we report data from our personal experience of the various techniques we have performed and describe the patients, results and complications. A total of 287 procedures were performed: 48 surgical gastrostomies, 40 using the technique of Fontan or Stamm, and 8 Janeway gastrostomies; 27 of these procedures were permanent. There were 169 jejunostomy catheters, with a mean dwelling time of 29.05 ± 21.9 days, and 72 double lumen nasojejunal tubes (AU)